Clinical Questions/LactFacts

Breastfeeding and Bone Health CQ #178 – January 6, 2020 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Lactation is associated with temporary bone loss, which recovers after weaning. How does women’s bone health recover after lactation? A systematic review and meta-analysis Osteoporosis International 14 November 2019 What is the effect of lactation on a woman’s […]

Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Breastmilk and Infant Temperament CQ #177 – December 30, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Higher omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breastmilk may be associated with less infant irritability, fear, and other negative emotions. Human Milk Omega-3 Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Infant Temperament Nutrients 2019, 11, […]

The Stigma of Not Breastfeeding CQ #176 – December 23, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Women in the USA who formula feed have personal and social stigma regarding infant feeding. Made to Feel Like Less of a Woman: The Experience of Stigma for Mothers Who Do Not Breastfeed Breastfeeding Med 2019 Dec […]

Breast Cancer Screening During Lactation CQ #175 – December 16, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT There is a strong recommendation to have lactating women at average risk of breast cancer undergo routine breast cancer screening starting at age 40 without needing to wean first. Breast Cancer Screening During Lactation Obstet & Gynecol […]

Breastfeeding and Kawasaki Disease CQ #174 – December 9, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Exclusive breastfeeding may be protective of Kawasaki disease. Association between breastfeeding and Kawasaki disease- a case- control study European J Ped November 11, 2019 What is Kawasaki disease, and how might breastfeeding protect from this illness? Kawasaki disease […]

Beyond the ‘Break Time for Nursing Mothers Law’ CQ #173 – December 2, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT 27 states in the USA have legislation that provide additional workplace protections for breastfeeding mothers, beyond the 2010 Break Time for Nursing Mothers Law. Prevalence of ‘Mother/Infant Friendly Worksite Designations’ and state laws regulating […]

Melatonin in Breastmilk CQ #172 – November 25, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Melatonin in breastmilk affects infant immunity and circadian rhythm, and has been shown to be stable in defrosted expressed breastmilk. Melatonin Stability in Human Milk Breastfeeding Med 2019 Nov; 14(9) 680-682 What is melatonin doing in breastmilk? Melatonin is […]

The Importance of Lactose in Breastmilk CQ #171 – November 18, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Lactose in breastmilk plays a role in promoting healthy gut bacteria, insulin regulation, and the growth of gut antimicrobial factors. The Importance of Lactose in the Human Diet: Outcomes of a Mexican Consensus Meeting Nutrients 2019, […]

Breastfeeding and the Timing of Puberty Onset CQ #170 – November 11, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Female children who breastfed less than 6 months have been shown to experience earlier onset of puberty. Breastfeeding and timing of pubertal onset in girls: a multiethnic population-based prospective cohort study BMC Pediatrics Aug 9, […]

Pasteurized Donor Human Milk in Healthy Newborns CQ #169 – November 4, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT The use of pasteurized donor human milk is increasing for healthy breastfeeding newborns who have medical indications for supplementation. Donor Milk Policies for Level 1 Newborn Care: A Descriptive Analysis Breastfeeding Medicine 14(8) 2019 How […]

Breastfeeding Trends by Race/Ethnicity Among US Children Born from 2009-2015 CQ #168 – October 29, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Breastfeeding rates generally increased from 2009 to 2015 among all racial/ethnic groups in the USA. However, disparity in breastfeeding rates grew between black and white infants. Breastfeeding Trends by Race/Ethnicity Among US […]

Expected Weight Changes After Birth for Term Breastfed Newborns CQ #167 – October 23, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT According to the best recent evidence, newborn weight loss by day 2 averages 6-7% of birthweight and 7-8% by day 3. Systematic Review of Expected Weight Changes After Birth for Full-Term, Breastfed Newborns […]

The Risk of Nipple Shield Use for Premature Infants CQ #166 – October 14, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Nipple shield use for premature infants is associated with less exclusive breastfeeding. Nipple Shield Use in Preterm Infants: Prevalence, Motives for Use and Association with Exclusive Breastfeeding- Results from a National Cohort Study […]

Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage CQ #165 – October 7, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Exclusive breastfeeding during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage. Breastfeeding During Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019, 51(3) What is the risk of miscarriage when breastfeeding during […]

Poison Exposures Through Breastfeeding CQ #164 – September 30, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Benzodiazepines and opiates, especially together, are the most common exposures during breastfeeding to cause serious infant toxicity. Exposures Through Breast Milk: An Analysis of Exposure and Information Calls to U.S. Poison Centers, 2001-2017 Breastfeeding Medicine 14(7) 2019, 508-512 […]

Breastfeeding the Infant with a Cleft Lip and/or Palate CQ #163 – September 23, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Infants with a cleft lip are often successful breastfeeding. Infants with a cleft palate are expected to have difficulty generating sufficient negative pressure for effective milk transfer. ABM Clinical Protocol #17: Guidelines for […]

Infant Antibiotic Use, Hospitalizations for Infections, and Breastfeeding CQ #162 – September 16, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Children who are breastfed have lower rates of antibiotic use and lower rates of prolonged hospitalizations for infections. Breastfeeding Status and Duration and Infections, Hospitalizations for Infections, and Antibiotic Use in the First Two […]

Factors Influencing Non-Medically Indicated Formula Supplementation of Newborns CQ #161 – September 9, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT The rate of non-medically indicated formula supplementation early postpartum can be decreased by providing prenatal breastfeeding education to primiparous low income mothers, ensuring hospital support for breastfeeding 24 hours a day, and addressing mothers’ […]

Parity and Postpartum Problems CQ #160 – September 2, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT Primiparous women are more likely to experience lactation difficulties than multiparous women. Relationship between parity and the problems that appear in the postpartum period Sci Rep 2019; 9: 11763 What is the relationship between the number of infants […]

Breastfeeding and the Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex CQ #159 – August 26, 2019 by Anne Eglash MD, IBCLC, FABM #LACTFACT The dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a short-lived negative emotional reaction to milk ejection during lactation, that has been found to occur in approximately 9% of breastfeeding mothers. Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: A Descriptive […]